Leadership - 4036 Words

Shanda Moore Business Leadership BUS 5453. 49 Leadership Development Project: DISC Dr. LaSharnda Beckwith April 27, 2013 Section One Self-Awareness Directing | Influencing | Steadiness | Conscientious | | | | | | | | | (1) Behavioral Style: Based on the results of the DISC Assessment, my results were inconclusive and an accurate result couldn’t be determined. This proves that as a leader, I try to please everyone and look for common grounds between differentiating groups that satisfy their expectations. This can be a disadvantage because acting as a â€Å"perfectionist† on most occasions can cause stress and lead to further problems in the future both mentally and physically. My behavioral tendencies tend to target†¦show more content†¦This area should establish confidence for the leader to be encouraged, especially within time constraints, that all requirements have been met without second guessing the work that has been completed. There may be times where I do sacrifice results for harmony. When conflict arises between team members, I tend to focus on resolving the issue at hand in a personal manner instead of a professional manner. As a leader, it is important to keep personal beliefs separate from professional beliefs. In this particular situation, instead of instilling for the individuals to set their differences aside in order to complete the assignment given, I focus more on resolving their personal issues ignoring the tasks given to keep the peace between the individuals. As a perfectionist, I tend to be set in my ways and the future I may tend to resist change. Although implementing new strategies to become more effective in the workplace, if a strategy works for me, I believe in the future it will result in a positive outlook. However, change is sometimes necessary in order to become more effective and efficient as a leader. (4) Motivational Style My motivational style that I lean the strongest towards is Steadiness based on the results from the DISC assessment. This style illustrates that I am more directed to basing my leadership off of Relationship and Appreciation.Show MoreRelatedThe Leadership Of Leadership And Leadership842 Words   |  4 Pagesideals of leadership, I met with two respected and admired school leaders: the Assistant Principal/Dean of Curriculum, and the Athletic Director. I chose these two school leaders because I wanted to gain an understanding of leadership from two diverse perspectives. I am thankful for the opportunity to hear from two different types of leaders, who ultimately share a lot of the same visions for my school and for leadership in general. While both subjects shared a similar definition of leadership, theirRead MoreLeadership And Leadership Of Leadership1711 Words   |  7 Pages7. Facilitative Leadership Facilitative leadership is dependent on quantities and outcomes – not a skill, though it takes much skill to master. The efficiency of a group is directly related to the effectiveness of its process. If the group is high operational, the facilitative leader uses a light hand on the procedure. 8. Laissez-faire Leadership Laissez-faire leadership gives expert to workers. According to AZ central, sections or subordinates are acceptable to work as they choose with nominal.Read MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1605 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership Examined There have been many great leaders down through history. Leaders that have influenced change throughout many aspects of society. Great leaders have great influence. The effectiveness of a leader is determined by his leadership style. With so many styles to choose from, and the fact that not one style fits all situations, becoming an effective leader is a challenging task. One reflective note is that it is important to cultivate good leadership skills. One must evaluate personalRead MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1225 Words   |  5 Pages with their team. Leadership is â€Å"the behavior of an individual . . . directing the activities of a group toward a shared goal† (Hemphill Coons, (1957). p. 7). †¢ Leadership is â€Å"the influential increment over and above mechanical compliance with the routine directives of the organization† (Katz Kahn, (1978). p. 528). †¢ Leadership is â€Å"the process of influencing the activities of an organized group toward goal achievement† (Rauch Behling, (1984). p. 46). †¢ â€Å"Leadership is about articulatingRead MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1476 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Effectiveness There are many different approaches to leadership, which can be dependent upon the task at hand. Some leaders are authoritative, making all the decisions for group members and allowing no space for error or input. There are those who may opt to take the President Obama approach with a more democratic leadership role, inviting the ideas of others and encouraging open communication and staff participation. Then there are the servant leaders whom are largely respected and followedRead MoreLeadership And Leadership Theory Of Leadership1341 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Application Jesus Cabral Brandman University The author of this paper has been in various leadership positions for over 20 years. Some positions held by the author have been team leader, Operations Manager, General Manager, and Director of Operations. The author has lead teams with various degrees of education and from many cultures. The leadership theories studied during OLCU 400 will assist this leader though experienced to become much more effective and focus on thoseRead MoreLeadership, Leadership And Leadership Development915 Words   |  4 Pagestake a leadership role in any activity. They are more valued by followers and have higher performing teams. (Cherry 2014) However, leaders are the ones that use their leadership skills to make a difference in this world, such as presidents, teachers, or even college graduates. Leadership is not something you can learn from a book, but you have to gain this skill through experiences such as holding an office, organizing an event, speaking in front of people, or participating in a leadership programRead MoreLeadership Theories Of Leadership And Leadership Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership is important because it helps followers reach a common goal. There have been several studies based on effective leadership. The definition of leadership has evolved over the years adapting to the different views of the world. Leaders have influence on their followers they are looked up to. Being a leader means there will be interaction with different behaviors and personalities. Effective leaders sometimes have to adjust their style approach by the situation they are in. Every followersRead MoreTransformational Leadership : Leadership And Leadership887 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea of leadership has transformed throughout the years to encompass varying aspects of leadership approaches, leadership types and the like. According to Summerfield (2014), C. F. Rauch and O. Behling, quote leadership as: Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an organized group toward goal achievement. Given its broad definition, leadership is understood to have different meanings when applied to diverse situations. For example, there are different types of approaches toRead MoreOrganizational Leadership : Leadership And Leadership1568 Words   |  7 PagesConceptualizing Leadership Leadership is different in the eyes of each and every individual. What one person considers great leadership may be viewed by another as too demanding. Ultimately, time, place, situation, and people involved are considered some of the view variables for which type of leadership will be most effective. Through taking the Gallup Strengths Finder survey, I have been able to cement some of my top strengths and see how they come into play in my daily life. Learning about strengths

Governance and Leadership Free Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Individual Reflection about Current Leadership Practice. Answer: Reflection: The necessity of emotional and social intelligence is profoundly observed in the contemporary domain of business management and education. These fields are gradually becoming exposed to the reduction in barriers of culture and geography thereby increasing the necessity of higher emotional and social adaptation. In the group activities, students in universities would have to face the requirement of implementing their social and personal competences for achieving team objectives. I was able to reflect on my personal capability of self-confidence through the use of distinct tools such as the ESCI questionnaire, Quinn Management Questionnaire and other diagnostic toolkits provided for leadership competence assessment. The self-analysis or reflection enabled me to compare my own practices from specific incidents where I was able to implement my ability of self-confidence to accomplish leadership objectives. Reflective analysis of the incidents with respect to results of the diagnostic tools would provide a cognizable impression of the particular areas in my personal competences that can contribute to the development of my self-confidence. The use of the ESCI Situational Leadership questionnaire proved to be an efficient diagnostic tool that provided a concise yet illustrative impression of my personal competences. The primary components of the ESCI questionnaire are observed in the four quadrants which characterize the essential requirements for superlative leadership performance. Self-awareness, social awareness, self-management and relationship management are the four profound pillars of the ESCI model (Leggat Balding, 2013). One of the profound advantages of the model is that it facilitates an impression of personal capabilities, awareness and initiatives alongside reflecting on the same for others also. The aspects of self-awareness and self-management included in the ESCI questionnaire allowed me to emphasize on my knowledge of my emotional self alongside the specific dimensions of self-management which I could implement for developing leadership competences such as self-confidence. Self-management dimensions asked in the questionnaire referred to my capabilities for emotional self-control, positive outlook, achievement orientation and adaptability. The prominent implications that were derived from the questionnaire assessment suggested that I scored less on the dimensions of positive outlook and adaptability (Mair, Mayer Lutz, 2015). Thereafter the findings of the questionnaire depicted my capabilities for apprehending the perception of others i.e. social awareness which was characterized by references to individual competences of organizational awareness and empathy. While I was able to score substantially well in the organizational awareness dimension, the results indicated minimal performance with respect to empathy. The concerns for relationship management referred to a wide assortment of functions such as influence, conflict management, teamwork, inspirational leadership and coaching and mentoring (McAlister, Marcos Ferrell, 2016). The results suggested potential performance in terms of conflict management, teamwork and coaching and mentoring while the influence and inspirational leadership aspects depicted minimal scores. The review of these scores with respect to the practical incidents encountered in the recent 12 months would enable me to recognize the particular dimensions of emotional and social intelligence that can assist me in the improvement of my personal leadership capability of self-confidence (Michaud, 2014). The first incident that comes to my mind when I reflect on my capability of self-confidence was a group assignment that was assigned to four members. We were required to provide a presentation on leadership traits of entrepreneurs. The requirements of the presentation could have been realized only after considerable preparatory stages involving evaluation and analysis. However, inappropriate circumstances such as health issues of two group members led to reduction in motivation of my other group partner (Mller, Pemsel Shao, 2014). During that specific period of time, we were facing the immediate requirement of catering the deadline assigned for the presentation and our preparation was not according to the expected standards. I was able to encourage my team member through my self-confidence and I assured him that I would complete major part of the assignment such as data collection and organizing the information to be presented while I motivated him to use his basic computer operation skills and prepare the PowerPoint presentation. Another incident in the university within the past 12 months which tested my ability of self confidence was the requirement of completing a dissertation research proposal pertaining to the topic of contemporary leadership strategies (Mller, Pemsel Shao, 2015). My apprehensions were primarily vested in the lack of previous experience in preparing a research proposal as I faced difficulties in understanding the data collection methodologies and standardization of data. However, I was able to overcome my apprehensions owing to self-confidence and I implemented measures for learning and minimizing my pitfalls. The essential concerns that could be observed in case of this incident were my ability to motivate myself for completing a difficult task alongside recognising my personal ability to handle stress. Critical reflection on the scores of diagnostic tests with respect to the implications of the practical incidents I faced in the past 12 months facilitated the derivation of two specific areas which I could improve for enhancing self-confidence capabilities. Developing a positive outlook and inspirational leadership competences were identified as the two areas where I need professional development. Acquisition of these competences could lead to improvement of my self-confidence further since they would impinge positive outcome on personal development as well as facilitate a viable perception of the immediate social aspects. Even though I was able to motivate the sole team member available for the group presentation project, I should have inquired into the reasons for the absence of other team members from the presentation activity and the viability of their claims of health issues. However, I refrained from such measures due to apprehensions pertaining to any potential conflict. Therefore, this indicated a low degree of self-confidence that could deter my future prospects as a leader where I would have to encounter similar situations pertaining to employee unavailability. Inspirational leadership would have been a promising resolution for such a scenario where the other team members would have overcome their limitations and contributed reasonable efforts to the team activity. The development of a positive outlook is necessarily observed as a quality that could be improved for addressing an enhancement of my personal competence of self-confidence (Nielsen, 2014). My reflection on the second scenario suggested my capabilities for pursuing objectives without any influence of setbacks or disadvantages of the situation. Further development of such behaviour could lead to prolific improvement in my personal leadership competence of self-confidence. Literature review: Self confidence is generally considered as the primary foundation upon which the leadership capabilities of an individual can flourish. The impact of developing leaders without any initiatives for confidence building could be detrimental in the long run. As per Al-sharafi Rajiani, the other potential aspects of leadership such as communication, passion and empowerment could become irrational once the individual recognizes lower scales of self-confidence. Self confidence is a formidable indicator of the personal capabilities for being assured in ideas, decisions, capabilities and judgements (Al-sharafi Rajiani, 2013). The contributions of self-confidence towards individual efforts, objectives and tolerance for frustration could be viably considered as major inputs for development of leadership capabilities. According to Bao, et al, Self-confidence also serves as an assurance for group members pertaining to the observation of control over the situation in the workplace or immediate environment (Bao, et al., 2013). On the contrary, excess of self confidence is also perceived with certain disadvantages such as irresponsive attitude towards criticism, lack of communication with team members and acquisition of opinions. Insecurities are also major outcomes of higher levels of self-confidence and have been described comprehensively in business management literature (Shattock, 2013). Self-confidence is a prolific personality trait and has been described on a generic basis according to the Trait Theory of leadership. The confidence of an individual in self and personal competences and abilities can be considered as self-confidence albeit with the introduction of viable modifications in its definition through the works of various researchers (Beer, 2014). Review of literature pertaining to self confidence and its role in development of leadership capabilities suggests diverse interpretations of the term self-confidence. Some studies imply that self-confidence is the perceived capability of self to complete specific tasks on the basis of analysis of the present scenario or from the experiences acquired in the past. As per Carter Greer, self-confidence is invariably associated with the improvement of self-efficacy and the implications of experiential knowledge related to self-confidence could lead to observation of competence to accomplish specific objectives. Self confidence also comprises of references to internal and external components including awareness and concern for self as well as towards others in the immediate society (Carter Greer, 2013). Behavioural indications have also been profoundly associated with depiction of self confidence alongside the attributes of effectiveness, initiative, persistence, positive accomplishments, self-esteem and self-awareness. Therefore behavioural or personal characteristics have been identified as notable influences on the self-confidence of an individual and self confidence development could be ensured effectively through references to essential leadership diagnostic toolkits such as ECSI questionnaire which reflect on distinct competences such as inspirational leadership and positive outlook that can be improved for obtaining reasonable outcomes in terms of leadership capabilities (De Bussy, 2013). As per Douglas, the diagnostic toolkit allowed the proliferation of outcomes such as ability of students alongside the amount of effort that can be possibly applied for accomplishing goals. Examples of variable scales introduced for measuring self confidence direct towards Attitude Attribute Scale and the Perceived Self-Confidence Scale among which the former is suitable for students while the latter is for nurses (Douglas, 2013). References towards the role of self-efficacy in the improvement of leadership competences cannot by undermined since leadership efficacy is observed as a major attribute that influences the performance evaluations in leadership simulations. It is essential to consider that an individuals perception about the personal capabilities to achieve specific tasks lead to self perception of incompetence and competence and is prominently observed in the acquired proficiency in new tasks, formation of social networks on the basis of professional initiatives and comparative reviews of the performance of other teams. The observed measurement scales for evaluating leadership competences can be held accountable for accessing opportunities to improve personal skills (Shattock, 2013). For example, observation of notable aspects of self-awareness, social relationship management and personal management could be helpful for a leader to address areas which can lead to acquisition of improvement in particular leadership competences such as credibility, influence and self-confidence. According to Hendrickson, et al, the scores obtained by leaders on notable scales such as the ESCI questionnaire can direct towards the specific dimensions of empathy, positive outlook, coaching and mentoring, inspirational leadership, influence, teamwork, achievement orientation, emotional self-control and organizational awareness where leaders either perform better or less. The observed areas of improvement from the self reflection were primarily directed towards the development of positive outlook and inspirational leadership qualities (Hendrickson, et al., 2013). An illustration of the interplay between these two aspects of emotional and social intelligence with the improvement of self-confidence can be apprehended through a comprehensive understanding of the competences and their specific characteristics. Positive outlook of an individual is accounted in the self management aspect of emotional and social intelligence as it enables the person to adapt to situations effectively on the grounds of persistence and minimal emphasis on the obstacles (Thoenig Paradeise, 2014). The essence of positive outlook is also perceived in developing a positive attitude towards people and perceiving the actions of other people positively. This could lead to reduction of insecurities thereby facilitating cognizable improvement in self-confidence of an individual and improving personal capabilities to complete assigned tasks alongside accomplishing objectives. Inspirational leadership can be associated with the ability to inspire individuals for accomplishing predefined objectives alongside motivating other individuals to project their best performance in team activities and personal initiatives (Johnson, 2014). The requirement of training for developing inspirational leadership qualities could influence the levels of self-confidence in an individual since inspirational leadership primarily requires communication with other people in the surrounding environment (Jucan, Jucan Rotariu, 2013). The skills required for communication such as personality improvement and self-grooming as well as language improvement skills could serve as vital contributions to the development of self-confidence thereby leading to improvement of leadership competences. Engagement in training programs and comprehensive review of management literature could be considered as notable initiatives that can help an individual in addressing improvement of leadership competences. The concerns for evaluating leadership competences among university students are largely vested in the observation of their capabilities to complete academic tasks and their willingness to invest efforts for obtaining higher scales of performance in the future tasks (Jones, 2013). Action Plan: Event/Month Month1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Establish The Purpose Identify Development Need Development Opportunities Action Plan Undertake Development Outcomes Review and Evaluate Conclusion: The report illustrated a self-reflection of leadership diagnostic analysis with distinct references to the competences for self-management, social awareness, self-awareness and relationship management and the depiction of personal capabilities for addressing practical scenarios. The self-reflection was characterized by the inclusion of references to two incidents that resulted in proliferation of insights for developing specific areas of emotional and social intelligence concepts such as positive outlook and inspirational leadership. A comprehensive literature review was also illustrated in the report for presenting a legible overview of self-confidence alongside reflecting on the specific aspects identified in the self-analysis and reflection that are associated with concerns of development. References Al-sharafi, H., Rajiani, I. (2013). Promoting organizational citizenship behavior among employees-the role of leadership practices.International Journal of Business and Management,8(6), 47. Bao, G., Wang, X., Larsen, G. L., Morgan, D. F. (2013). Beyond new public governance: a value-based global framework for performance management, governance, and leadership.Administration Society,45(4), 443-467. Beer, A. (2014). Leadership and the governance of rural communities.Journal of Rural Studies,34, 254-262. Carter, S. M., Greer, C. R. (2013). Strategic leadership: Values, styles, and organizational performance.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,20(4), 375-393. De Bussy, N. (2013). Refurnishing the Grunig Edifice: Strategic public relations management, strategic communication and organizational leadership. InPublic relations and communication management: Current trends and emerging topics(pp. 79-92). Routledge. Douglas, P. A. (2013).A Study of Birnbaum's Theory of the Relationship Between the Constructs of Leadership and Organization as Depicted in His Higher Education Models of Organizational Functioning: A Contextual Leadership Paradigm for Higher Education(Doctoral dissertation, The George Washington University). Hendrickson, R. M., Lane, J. E., Harris, J. T., Dorman, R. H. (2013).Academic leadership and governance of higher education: A guide for trustees, leaders, and aspiring leaders of two-and four-year institutions. Stylus Publishing, LLC. Johnson, T. (2014).Organizational progeny: Why governments are losing control over the proliferating structures of global governance. Oxford University Press, USA. Jones, G. A. (2013). The horizontal and vertical fragmentation of academic work and the challenge for academic governance and leadership.Asia Pacific Education Review,14(1), 75-83. Jucan, M., Jucan, C., Rotariu, I. (2013). The Social Destination: How Social Media Influences the Organisational Structure and Leadership of DMOs.World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology,78, 1426-1432. Leggat, S. G., Balding, C. (2013). Achieving organisational competence for clinical leadership: the role of high performance work systems.Journal of health organization and management,27(3), 312-329. Mair, J., Mayer, J., Lutz, E. (2015). Navigating institutional plurality: Organizational governance in hybrid organizations.Organization Studies,36(6), 713-739. McAlister, D. T., Marcos, S., Ferrell, O. C. (2016). Corporate governance and ethical leadership.Business Ethics: New Challenges for Business Schools and Corporate Leaders: New Challenges for Business Schools and Corporate Leaders, 56. Michaud, V. (2014). Mediating the paradoxes of organizational governance through numbers.Organization Studies,35(1), 75-101. Mller, R., Pemsel, S., Shao, J. (2014). Organizational enablers for governance and governmentality of projects: A literature review.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), 1309-1320. Mller, R., Pemsel, S., Shao, J. (2015). Organizational enablers for project governance and governmentality in project-based organizations.International Journal of Project Management,33(4), 839-851. Nielsen, R. K. (2014).Global Mindset as Managerial Meta-competence and Organizational Capability: Boundary-crossing Leadership Cooperation in the MNC The Case of Group Mindsetin Solar A. S. Shattock, M. (2013). University governance, leadership and management in a decade of diversification and uncertainty.Higher Education Quarterly,67(3), 217-233. Stensaker, B., Vab, A. (2013). Re?inventing shared governance: Implications for organisational culture and institutional leadership.Higher Education Quarterly,67(3), 256-274. Thoenig, J. C., Paradeise, C. (2014). Organizational governance and the production of academic quality: Lessons from two top US research universities.Minerva,52(4), 381-417.

Visual Language Analysis

They say that humans are meaning makers, and we uniquely make meanings by means of our own creation and interpretation of codes and signs which take the form of words, images, sounds, odours, flavours, acts and objects. These forms of signs have no original meaning and actually become signs only when we invest them with meanings. We actually think in signs then transform them into language (Peirce 1931).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Visual Language Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the signs and codes are recognised by all as living in one and the same society we seem to have the similar vision and interpretation of those signs. It is more difficult with the representatives of other cultures as they have other signs. One of the best examples of the signs and gestures and pictures which are able to tell us much without words. The example of the differences is signs between the cultures may be co nsidered the following, all the nations in the world nod when they agree with something and only Bulgaria people shake head when they agree. The same is with the pictures. There are two forms of signs, iconic (the visual one) and indexical (either spoken or written), according to Saussure’s (1960) analysis. On the other hand, Saussure (1960) defines code as a system of signs each of which is distinct from each other. He believes that it is a systematic organization or structure of signs. On the other hand, he believes that codes may appear to be different from language, but in fact, they are both the same, although human languages clearly are among the most complex codes. My four classmates and I discussed all the pictures that were given to us. Among all of the images we have chosen to analyze the third image. We could not see indexical signs in the image, yet we could observe several iconic signs. First, we could notice a man, with eight well- dressed women behind him, all standing on a stage with a background full of lights. The signs in the image are quite comprehensible and straightforward that helps you form a clear image about the concept of the event. Furthermore, recognizing the man as a fashion designer named Karl Lagerfeld made it clearer to us and helped us create a meaning to the image we are looking at. The meaning that we have all agreed on the given the image is the following, Karl Lagerfeld is launching a new fashion line, and all those ladies behind him are the models who promote his fancy designs. The whole background adds to the impression that he fashion show is presented.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Having a task to substitute or add some of the signs with the purpose to change the meaning of the picture, our group agreed on a military theme. We all thought that this image could represent a war zone where the fashion designer K arl Lagerfeld was the army leader and all those models behind him could be the soldiers. The models could also wear military uniform and boots instead of the heels. Moreover, the background should be changed completely to add to the new main meaning of the photo. A sandy area instead of the stage and the ruined buildings from two sides is a great idea. The lights could be substituted with the fire flames caused by a bombardment and one or two tanks may be also a great idea to add to the new meaning. Reference List Peirce, CS, Hartshorne, C, Weiss, P Burks, AW (eds.) 1931, Collected Writings, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Saussure. FD 1960, Course in general linguistics, Peter Owen, London. Word Count: 569 This essay on Visual Language Analysis was written and submitted by user Arya D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Great West And US History

Great West The expectation proved false, for during the next generation, the South became solidly united behind the institution of slavery as new economic factors made slavery far more profitable than it had been before 1790. Chief among these was the rise of a great cotton-growing industry in the South, stimulated by the introduction of new types of cotton and by Eli Whitney's invention in 1793 of the cotton gin, which separated the seeds from cotton. At the same time, the Industrial Revolution, which made textile manufacturing a large-scale operation, vastly increased the demand for raw cotton. And the opening of new lands in the West after 1812 greatly extended the area available for cotton cultivation. Cotton culture moved rapidly from the Tidewater states on the East coast through much of the lower South to the delta region of the Mississippi and eventually to Texas. Northerners rallied to oppose Missouri's entry except as a free state, and a storm of protest swept the country. For a time Congress was deadlocked, but Henry Clay arranged the so-called Missouri Compromise: Missouri was admitted as a slave state at the same time Maine came in as a free state. In addition, Congress banned slavery from the territory acquired by the Louisiana Purchase north of Missouri's southern boundary. The frontier did much to shape American life. Conditions along the entire Atlantic seaboard stimulated migration to the newer regions. From New England, where the soil was incapable of producing high yields of grain, came a steady stream of men and women who left their coastal farmsand villages to take advantage of the rich interior land of the continent. In the backcountry settlements of the Carolinas and Virginia, people handicapped by the lack of roads and canals giving access to coastal markets, and suffering from the political dominance of the Tidewater planters, also moved westward. As more and more settlers penetrated the wilderness, many ... Free Essays on The Great West And US History Free Essays on The Great West And US History Great West The expectation proved false, for during the next generation, the South became solidly united behind the institution of slavery as new economic factors made slavery far more profitable than it had been before 1790. Chief among these was the rise of a great cotton-growing industry in the South, stimulated by the introduction of new types of cotton and by Eli Whitney's invention in 1793 of the cotton gin, which separated the seeds from cotton. At the same time, the Industrial Revolution, which made textile manufacturing a large-scale operation, vastly increased the demand for raw cotton. And the opening of new lands in the West after 1812 greatly extended the area available for cotton cultivation. Cotton culture moved rapidly from the Tidewater states on the East coast through much of the lower South to the delta region of the Mississippi and eventually to Texas. Northerners rallied to oppose Missouri's entry except as a free state, and a storm of protest swept the country. For a time Congress was deadlocked, but Henry Clay arranged the so-called Missouri Compromise: Missouri was admitted as a slave state at the same time Maine came in as a free state. In addition, Congress banned slavery from the territory acquired by the Louisiana Purchase north of Missouri's southern boundary. The frontier did much to shape American life. Conditions along the entire Atlantic seaboard stimulated migration to the newer regions. From New England, where the soil was incapable of producing high yields of grain, came a steady stream of men and women who left their coastal farmsand villages to take advantage of the rich interior land of the continent. In the backcountry settlements of the Carolinas and Virginia, people handicapped by the lack of roads and canals giving access to coastal markets, and suffering from the political dominance of the Tidewater planters, also moved westward. As more and more settlers penetrated the wilderness, many ...

Arguments in favour of foreign investment

Arguments in favour of foreign investment The positive developmental role of domestic and foreign investment on economic growth in host countries is well documented in literature. Investment is usually directed in sectors that enjoy comparative advantage, thereby creating economies of scale and linkage effects and hence raising productivity. An important argument in favor of foreign investment is that it consists of a package of capital, technology management, and market access. For foreign investment, repayment is required only if investors make profit and when they make profit, they tend to reinvest their profit rather than remit abroad Zakaria M (2008). Reviewing the investment policies of Pakistan over the last six decades he observes that during 1950s and 1960s the private sector was the principal vehicle for industrial investment in the country and the role of the public sector was curtailed to only three industries out of 27 basic industries. By late 1960s the economy was mainly dominated by the private sector in imp ortant areas like banking, insurance, certain basic industries, and international trade in major commodities. During 1970s, government nationalized commercial banks, development financial institutions, insurance companies and ten major categories of industries. There was also acceleration in the direct investment by the public sector in new industries, ranging from the basic manufacture of steel to the production of garments and breads. After the miserable performance of the industrial sector following the nationalization process of the 1970s, a change occurred in the government’s approach toward the role of the public and private sectors. In 1980s, government decided to pursue a pattern of a mixed economy, with the private and public sector reinforcing each other. Despite various incentives, the highly regulated nature of Pakistan’s economy proved a restraint to the inflows of foreign investment. Specifically, foreign investment was discouraged by (a) significant publ ic ownership, strict industrial licensing, and price controls by the government; (b) the inefficient financial sector with mostly public ownership, directed credits, and segmented markets; and (c) a noncompetitive and distorting trade regime with import licensing, bans, and high tariffs. During 1990s government started to apply the same rules and regulations to foreign investors as to domestic investors. The requirement for government approval of foreign investment was removed with the exception of a few industries (arms and ammunition, security printing, currency and mint, high explosives, radioactive substances, and alcoholic beverages). During 2000s government based its investment policies on the principle of privatization, deregulation, fiscal incentives and liberal remittance of profits and capital. The policy is based on promoting investment in sophisticated, high-tech and export-oriented industries while almost the entire economic activity in other fields, encompassing agricu lture, services, infrastructure, social sectors, etc. have been thrown open for foreign investment with identical fiscal incentives and other facilities, including loan financing from local banks. Shahbaz and Khalid (2004) find that investment is considerably responsive to domestic saving, yield and uncertainty in Pakistan. Return on investment is an important determinant of investment in the country. Its role in investment decisions-making carries such a weight that it outweighs negative impact of increased rate of borrowing. Expectations and uncertainties play a major role in investment decisions in Pakistan. Whereas domestic saving is a major source of investment, foreign saving is not effective for investment in Pakistan. Tewolde H (2008) argues that the decision to invest resources is one of the significant drivers of the business financial system. Sound investments that implement well organized strategies are important to creating shareholders value, and must be analyzed both in proper context and sound analytical methods. Whether the decision involves committing resources to new facilities, a research and development project, marketing program, additional working capital, an acquisition, or investing in a financial instrument, an economic trade off must be made between the resources expended now and the expectation of future cash benefits to be obtained. In other words, investing is incurring costs in order to gain benefit during the estimated life of the plant assets or current assets in the future. Bandoi and Berceanu (2008), observe that investment decision is a very difficult for leaders of all firms. By its very nature, the decision affects the investment a company a long time horizon, if not forever. In the idea of adopting an investment decision we can use simple criteria or criteria based on discounting. Of the latter category, net present value criterion (NPV) is most often used. They further argue that inflation is a real fact today which can not be ignored. Their result highlight the fact that if effects of inflation are not taken into account we can do wrong analysis of capital budgeting.

Behaviorism vs. Cognitivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Behaviorism vs. Cognitivism - Essay Example The primary aim of this paper is to outline the differences between two schools of academic psychology--behaviorism and cognitivism. I will first outline and explain two experiments purporting to explain human cognition by Jean Piaget. I will then explain how behaviorist B.F. Skinner might object to this methodology. Finally, I will address some possible responses to Skinner that Piaget could use to defend the scientific integrity of his experiments. Jean Piaget is often referred to in academic psychology as a â€Å"developmental cognitivist†. A developmental psychologist is one who scientifically studies changes in human personality, thinking and perceptions over the cross of a lifetime. Piaget’s research tends to focus on the development of human children--specifically the intelligence and cognitive capacities of children. Thus he can be said to be a cognitivist, in that he seeks to discover underlying thought processes by observing behavior. In two of his main works, The Construction of Reality in the Child, and The Child’s Conception of Number, Jean Piaget sets up a series of experiments, which purport to demonstrate the differences in cognitive and intellectual processes between adults and children. In the first experiment I am going to examine, Piaget attempts to explain the ability of children to discriminate between quantities of objects. He does this by placing two lines of candy next to each other--one with the candy arranged in a line spread further apart, and one with the same amount of candy in a line placed more closely together. The children are asked to determine which line contains a greater amount of candy. The results were that â€Å"Children between 2 years, 6 months old and 3 years, 2 months old correctly discriminate the relative number of objects in two rows; between 3 years, 2 months and 4 years, 6 months they indicate a longer row with fewer objects to have "more"; after 4 years, 6 months they again discriminate co rrectly† (Piaget). Piaget concluded that children gain the capacity to discriminate between quantities of objects at 2 years, 6 months, but for whatever reason, are unable to use this ability effectively for this task between ages 3 and 4. The second example of an experiment by Piaget I would like to discuss, seeks to demonstrate how children view the relationship between space and object: The child is presented with a model, about one square meter in size, representing three mountains in relief; he is to reconstruct the different perspectives in which a little doll views them in varying positions that follow a given order...when he is asked what the doll sees from a particular position the child describes what he himself sees from his own position without taking into account the obstacles which prevent the doll from seeing the same view. When he is shown several pictures from among which he is to choose the one which corresponds to the doll’s perspective, he chooses th e one which represents his own (Piaget). This experiment shows that young children lack the capacity to understand spatial relationships, relative to an observer other than their own. The child does not attempt to envisage how a particular object might look from the perspective of the doll, but defaults back to a description from their first-person point of view. Piaget concludes that the behavior observed here could best be explained by the developmental stage the child has reached. He points out that â€Å"the egocentrism and objective relativity in question here concern only the relationships between the child and things, and nothing in sensorimotor action forces him to leave this narrow realm† (Piaget). In other words since the child has only reached the point in life where she always encounters objects in relation to herself, even if you ask questions about the relation between an object and another observer, the child will not understand. Behaviorism is a school of thou ght in psychology that can be thought of in contrast to cognitivism. Rather than observing behavior

At home Midterm - research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

At home Midterm - - Research Paper Example But plasma level was significantly lowered only in the group treated with 4 cups of green tea per day and the mean drop of plasma cholesterol was 17.2%. Findings of this study confirm the therapeutic effect of green tea on lowering cholesterol. Health benefits of green tea have been extensively studied in animal experiments and in some human longitudinal and experimental trials specially using healthy individuals. These health benefits believed to be occurred due to high levels of polypenoles in green tea (Kuriyama et al, 2006). Scientists suggest green tea can be a one reason for low incidents of cardio vascular disease and cancer among Japanese and Chinese. Kuriyama et al (2006) carried out an 11-year follow-up study to identify effect of green tea on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes of death in Japan. This study recruited 40530 Japanese adults of age 40- 79 years. Their green tea consumption and cause of death were recorded. During the follow-up 4209 participants died and 892 deaths caused by CVD while 1134 deaths caused by cancer. Statistical analysis showed death from CVD was significantly lower among the participants who consumed 3 or more cups of green tea daily than who consumed lower amounts after adjusting for age and sex. However no protective effect was found against the cancer. Another double blind experimental trial was carried out by Nagao et al in 2005. In this study experimental group was given 690 mg/d containing green tea extract verses 22 mg/d catchechins containing oolong tea for the control group for 12 weeks after two-week specific diet. Their body weights, BMI, waist circumference, body fat mass, subcutaneous fat area and malondialdehyde-modified LDL were measured at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The group treated with green tea extract showed a significant reduction in body fat and malondialdehyde-modified LDL than that of the oolong tea group. A placebo controlled